Interaction between Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain Shapes Infant Growth

ObjectiveTo quantify the combined effect of maternal prepregnancy obesity and maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) on the shape of infant growth throughout the first year of life.MethodsA retrospective cohort of mother–child dyads with children born between January 2007 and May 2012 was identified in a linked electronic medical record. Data were abstracted to define the primary exposures of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and GWG, and the primary outcome of infant growth trajectory.ResultsWe included 499 mother–child dyads. The average maternal age was 28.2 years; 55% of mothers were overweight or obese before pregnancy, and 42% of mothers had excess GWG, as defined by the Institute of Medicine. Maternal prepregnancy BMI (P < .001) and the interaction between prepregnancy BMI and maternal GWG (P = .02) showed significant association with infant growth trajectory through the first year of life after controlling for breast-feeding and other covariates, while GWG alone did not reach statistical significance (P = .38). Among infants of mothers with excess GWG, a prepregnancy BMI of 40 kg/m² versus 25 kg/m² resulted in a 13.6% (95% confidence interval 5.8, 21.5; P < .001) increase in 3-month infant weight/length percentile that persisted at 12 months (8.4%, 95% confidence interval 0.2, 16.5; P = .04).ConclusionsThe combined effect of excess maternal GWG and prepregnancy obesity resulted in higher infant birth weight, rapid weight gain in the first 3 months of life, with a sustained weight elevation throughout the first year of life. These findings highlight the importance of the preconception and prenatal periods for pediatric obesity prevention.     

Testing responsiveness to change for the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS)

Abstract – Objectives: The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is a recently developed oral health‐related quality of life instrument designed to assess the impact of oral health problems in 0–5‐year‐old children. It has previously been validated as discriminative instrument. The goal of this study was to investigate the responsiveness to change of the ECOHIS. Methods: Data were collected from a convenience sample of 101 parents of 0–5‐year‐old children attending a hospital dental clinic for dental treatment. The ECOHIS was completed by parents prior to dental treatment and 2 weeks later. Subjects were also asked a global transition judgement concerning change between the second and first completion of the ECOHIS instrument. Responsiveness to change of the ECOHIS was analysed through: (i) a comparison of ECOHIS change scores with a global transition judgment by study subjects; (ii) an assessment of the statistical significance of within‐group change in scores over time for groups reporting improvement, stability and deterioration; (iii) an estimation of the ECOHIS’s sensitivity; and (iv) an investigation the effect size of the ECOHIS. Results: Of the 101 subjects recruited, 94 had full datasets. Their data were used for the analyses reported in this paper. Pre‐ and post‐treatment distributions of ECOHIS scores were strongly distributed towards no oral health impacts. Among the 94 subjects, 51.1% reported improvement, 42.6% reported no change and 6.4% reported deterioration following treatment, using the global transition judgement. The mean ECOHIS change scores for these three groups were ?0/9, +0.7 and +6.5 respectively, although none of the within‐group changes were statistically significant. The effect size for those reporting improvement was small (0.15) but for those reporting deterioration was moderate‐to‐large (0.69). Sensitivity ranged from 0.61–0.79 depending on the size of the cut‐off point, with a change of 3 points demonstrating the best sensitivity to false positive ratio (0.79 versus 0.41 respectively). Conclusion: In this sample with low levels of problems, the ECOHIS has demonstrated some limited ability to respond to change. Further work in a larger sample with higher levels of problems is needed to investigate the instrument’s ability to respond to change when it has occurred.     

A review of a community program aimed at preventing early childhood caries among Jerusalem infants--a brief communication

Early childhood caries (ECC) has not been adequately investigated in Israel. A previous Jerusalem study has demonstrated a potential effect on toothbrushing among infants. The present study was initiated in order to examine caries prevalence and the potential effect of a community intervention program. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to review an intervention program and assess ECC distribution and associated variables. METHODS: The study sample included 1,500 infants in matched "intervention" and "control" Mother and Child Health centers. The 2-year program, initially including all children at the age of 6 months, focused on the free distribution of toothbrushes and toothpastes. ECC prevalence was determined in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS: At 2.5 years, 596 children were examined (40 percent compliance). About half of the parents reported that they had participated once or not at all over the 2-year period, which demonstrated low program participation. Among the examined children, ECC prevalence was 15.3 percent. No difference in caries levels was found between the program and control groups. The reported level of brushing twice daily was 13.9 percent, while 26.8 percent reported not brushing at all. Eighty-one percent reported going to bed at night with a bottle. Children who drank sugar-sweetened beverages had ECC levels significantly higher than those who drank milk or natural juice (18.8 percent versus 8.9 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The dental health and behavior and lack of intervention success emphasized the need to seek a more effective strategy. Emphasis on toothbrushing might not be the only nor optimal solution for this serious public health problem.     

三级综合医院高风险孕产妇特点及救治经验

目的 总结高风险孕产妇特点,讨论相应多学科救治体系建设及实施情况。方法 选择2017年1月1日至2020年12月31日本院接诊高风险孕产妇患者,总结患者基本信息、高风险类型、救治情况、临床转归。结果 共救治高风险孕产妇98例,严重系统性合并症占84.7%(83/98),病种类型分散。在本院所建立的高风险孕产妇多学科救治保障体系下,91例经救治后好转、医嘱离院,预后不良病例共7例。结论 北京市三级综合医院接诊的高风险孕产妇病情更为复杂。本院为应对孕产妇病情高风险、病种分散特点,建立了以多学科和会诊专家组为主要特点的高风险孕产妇救治体系,安全、高效、高质完成高风险孕产妇的诊治工作,具有一定借鉴意义。     

Results of Modified Ponseti Technique in Difficult Clubfoot and a review of literature

IntroductionSerial Ponseti casting achieves deformity correction in early presenting idiopathic clubfoot cases normally in around 7 casts. However, there are resistant patients where correction requires more casts than usual. In such patients a modification in standard technique might be required right from the beginning. Such patients were collectively called as difficult clubfoot. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of our modification to Ponseti technique in difficult clubfoot.MethodsAll idiopathic clubfoot cases who were 75th percentile or more in WHO age for weight chart (chubby infants) or untreated clubfoot patients presenting for first time to our clinic at more than 5 months age (late presenters and neglected cases) were included in the study. Patients who had been previously surgically intervened elsewhere, patients over 7 years of age, patients with syndromic clubfoot or clubfoot associated with neurological conditions were excluded from the study. The patients were treated by early tenotomy of tendoachillis and a plantar fascia release before starting serial casting by Ponseti technique. Post correction, strict bracing protocol was followed with regular follow up. Pirani scoring was done at each stage. Measurement of Talocalcaneal angle on AP radiograph, maximum degree of abduction and dorsiflexion was noted once every year.ResultsThere were total 28 patients in our study. In all, 47 feet were subjected to modified Ponseti protocol. There were 21 male patients. Median age at presentation was 4 months. Mean centile of weight for age as per WHO growth chart was 64. Mean Pirani score at presentation was 5.86 (S.D. ± 0.34). Mean number of casts required for correction was 3.75 ± 1.10. Maximum followup period was 25 months.ConclusionThis modification of Ponseti casting for difficult clubfoot patients achieves correction in shorter duration with less number of casts.     

Outcome analysis for prediction of intraaortic balloon pump support failure and long-term survival in high-risk patients undergoing mitral valve surgery

The outcome predictors of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) in patients who undergo mitral valve surgery remain unknown. This study aimed to retrospectively review valvular surgery in patients who received an IABP to identify the predictors of failure of IABP support and anticipate the necessary therapy. This retrospective observational study recruited a total of 157 consecutive patients who underwent open-heart mitral valve surgery with IABP implantation intraoperatively or postoperatively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors attributed to 30-day mortality. Follow-up data of survivors were collected to investigate the effect of IABP support to evaluate long-term outcomes. The overall 30-day mortality was 35.7% (56 patients). The following factors that contributed to 30-day mortality included sepsis (P < .001, OR: 5.627, 95%CI: 2.422-11.683); IABP implantation postoperatively rather than intraoperatively (P = .001, OR: 6.395, 95%CI: 2.085-19.511); right heart failure (P = .042, OR: 3.419, 95%CI: 1.225-12.257); and lack of subvalvular apparatus preservation (P = .033, OR: 3.710, 95%CI: 1.094-13.167). Furthermore, follow-up data of these patients showed an estimation of 5-year and 10-year survival rates of 58.9% and 35.7%, respectively. Patients with intraoperative IABP demonstrated better long-term survival outcomes when compared to those with postoperative IABP (χ² = 4.291, P = .038). In summary, this study distinguished the preoperative predictors of 30-day mortality of IABP-support in mitral valve surgery patients. These results indicated that early intervention with IABP should be taken into consideration in case of hemodynamic instability in critically ill patients undergoing mitral valve surgery.     

早产儿宫内感染性肺炎和支气管肺发育不良发生的高危因素

目的探讨早产儿宫内感染性肺炎和支气管肺发育不良（BPD）发生的危险因素。 方法收集2013年1月至2018年11月惠州市第六人民医院收治的宫内感染性肺炎早产儿600例为宫内感染性肺炎组,另选取同期无宫内感染性肺炎的早产儿600例为单纯早产组;比较两组早产儿的性别、宫内窘迫、胎膜早破> 24 h、羊水污染、第2产程延长、母孕晚期发热史、剖宫产、胎龄、出生体质量以及1 min阿氏评分（Apgar）,并行多因素Logistic回归分析。收集2016年1月至2018年12月本院收治的BPD早产儿60例为BPD组,另取同期无BPD早产儿60例为非BPD组;比较两组早产儿的性别、宫内窘迫、肺出血、巨细胞病毒感染、有创机械通气治疗、出生2周内输注红细胞、宫内感染、胎龄、出生体质量以及1 min Apgar评分,并行多因素Logistic回归分析。 结果宫内感染性肺炎组早产儿宫内窘迫[224（37.33%） vs. 78（13.00%）]、胎膜早破> 24 h [308（51.33%） vs. 99（16.50%）]、母孕晚期发热史[117（19.50%） vs. 54（9.00%）]和BPD [133（22.17%） vs. 35（5.83%）]比例均显著高于单纯早产儿组,差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 94.320、162.408、27.068、66.473,P均< 0.001）;而1 min Apgar评分[（7.08 ± 1.32）分]显著低于单纯早产组[（8.65 ± 1.41）分],差异有统计学意义（t = 19.911、P < 0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：宫内窘迫、胎膜早破> 24 h、母孕晚期发热史均为早产儿宫内感染性肺炎的独立危险因素（OR = 3.824、4.017、3.492,P = 0.001、0.008、0.015）。BPD组早产儿宫内窘迫[12（20.00%） vs. 3（5.00%）]、肺出血[10（16.67%） vs. 0（0.00%）]、巨细胞病毒感染[5（8.33%） vs. 0（0.00%）]、有创机械通气治疗[46（76.67%） vs. 2（3.33%）]、出生2周内输注红细胞[51（85.00%） vs. 2（3.33%）]、宫内感染[23（38.33%） vs. 6（10.00%）]比例均显著高于非BPD组,差异均有统计学意义（χ² = 6.171、10.909、5.217、67.222、81.138、13.141,P = 0.013、0.001、0.022、< 0.001、< 0.001、< 0.001）;而胎龄[（32.14 ± 1.20）周vs. （34.35 ± 2.74）周]、出生体质量[（1 352.39 ± 209.57）g vs. （2 285.56 ± 356.82）g]、1 min Apgar评分[（7.23 ± 1.36）分vs. （8.68 ± 1.75）分]显著低于非BPD组,差异均有统计学意义（t = 5.723、17.468、5.068,P均< 0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示：巨细胞病毒感染、有创机械通气治疗、出生2周内输注红细胞、胎龄、出生体质量均为早产儿发生BPD的独立危险因素（OR = 44.357、3.082、3.290、4.738、3.409,P < 0.001、0.003、0.002、< 0.001、0.009）。 结论宫内窘迫、胎膜早破> 24 h、母孕晚期发热史可能增加早产儿宫内感染性肺炎发生的风险,而巨细胞病毒感染、有创机械通气治疗、出生2周内输注红细胞、胎龄、出生体质量可能影响BPD发生率。